Recursive expectations approach in policymaking

The primary contribution of modern economics to policy analysis may be the recognition of the crucial role of expectations in policy intervention. The essence of expectations is to think about others' thinking. We argue that policymakers need recursive thinking, that is, the ability to think about thinking and review three policy episodes related to the lack of recursive thinking. We see that the disciplinary divide or the limited scope of recursive thinking on the side of policymakers can cause huge damage to social welfare in times of crisis. Finally, we consider two examples of future agendas in the recursive approach. © 2023, The Author(s).

SURVEY ON VENTILATION, INDOOR ENVIRONMENT, AND MEASUREMENT AGAINST COVID-19 IN CLUBS AND BARS (PART 1): OVERVIEW OF BUILDING FACILITIES, VENTILATION CONDITION AND INFECTION STATUS

From the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been many reports on cluster infections in clubs and bars. Meanwhile, there is no report on the indoor air environment in those places and it will limit measures for infection control. This study aims to understand the indoor air and ventilation environment and to propose practical and appropriate improvement measures for related industries. In addition to measuring CO2 concentration in clubs and bars in Tokyo, we have surveyed the voluntary measures taken against COVID-19, outlines of building and ventilation/air conditioning equipment, ventilation regime, and so on. © 2023 Architectural Institute of Japan. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 and Sport Stadia: Managing Large Sport Facilities during a Crisis Like No Other

This chapter considers the impact of COVID-19 on sport stadia. The cancellation and/or pausing of sport leagues and events around the world had a large impact on the sport stadium sector. Thousands of stadia and sporting facilities were closed, with very little warning, as nations and cities were placed in lockdown and social distancing measures were established. These events had significant financial consequences and placed pressure on the managers of sport stadia to explore creative ways for staying financially afloat. The chapter features a case study of the famous New Zealand sporting venue Eden Park, and how management planned to recover from their period of closure. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Stephen Frawley and Nico Schulenkorf;individual chapters, the contributors.

COVID-19 AND HYPERTENSION IN JAPAN, AND KANAGAWA RASI COVID-19 STUDY

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) caused a global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID19) pandemic, as declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. COVID19 was confirmed for the first time in January 2020, and despite epidemic prevention efforts, the number of patients with COVID19 continued to increase, primarily in metropolitan areas. To prevent the further spread of COVID19, the Japanese government announced a state of emergency on 7 April 2020, similar to the lockdowns implemented in other countries. We showed a significant increase in office BP with the white coat phenomenon was observed during the state of emergency, as well as an increase in related stress, thereby indicating that we should pay more attention to BP management during stressful global events, including the COVID19 pandemic, to prevent cardiovascular events (Kobayashi K, et al. Hypertens Res 2022;Kobayashi K, et al. Ito S, et al. J Diabetes Investig Apr 18 Epub, 2022). In addition, since the onset of the COVID19 pandemic, the possible roles of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors in COVID19 have been debated as favorable, harmful, or neutral. ACE2 not only is the entry route of SARSCoV2 infection but also triggers a major mechanism of COVID19 aggravation by promoting tissue RAS dysregulation, which induces a hyperinflammatory state in several organs, leading to lung injury, hematological alterations, and immunological dysregulation. ACE inhibitors and ARBs inhibit the detrimental hyperactivation of the RAS by SARSCoV2 and increase the expression of ACE2, which is a counterregulator of the RAS. Several studies have investigated the beneficial profile of RAS inhibitors in COVID19;however, this finding remains unclear. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm the role of RAS inhibitors in COVID19 (Matsuzawa Y, et al. Hypertens Res 2020;Matsuzawa Y, et al. Hypertens Res, 202;Sato R, et al. Clin Exp Nephrol 2022).

Academy Camp VR: Serious Game Constructions as Active Learning Experiences for Children

We have been running children’s play and learning camps since 2011, but we are withholding physical gathering after 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The problem with online videoconference camps is that it is difficult to design activities that encourage children to move spontaneously and engage with the world around them. Starting in 2021, we have launched a series of VR (virtual reality) camps with each camp aiming for the construction of a VR world. We believe that by having the children actively involved in the creation of the 3D objects that make up the worlds and in game design, we are fostering a sense of efficacy that allows them to actively work on the world surrounding them and change it. In this paper, we summarize our attempts, especially our experience of constructing a VR world with children in which the immune system of the human body is turned into a serious game. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Interim analysis results from a proof-ofconcept study for ASLAN004 in adult moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

Background: ASLAN004 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-13Ra1 with high affinity and inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 signaling via the Type 2 cytokine receptor, an important target in atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective: To evaluate the emerging safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ASLAN004 in a multipleascending dose escalation phase in patients with moderate to severe AD. Methods: Twenty-five adult patients with moderate to severe AD were recruited from the US, Australia and Singapore and randomized 3:1 in three cohorts to receive once weekly 200, 400 or 600mg of subcutaneous ASLAN004 or matching placebo over eight weeks, with a 12-week recovery period. An interim data readout was conducted after Cohorts 1-3 completed eight weeks of treatment to evaluate various clinical endpoints in a limited number of patients before conducting an expansion cohort (Cohort 4, results reported elsewhere). Endpoints in the interim analysis include change from baseline in Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI) score at week 8 and safety assessments including local tolerability and incidence of adverse events (AEs). [NCT04090229] Results: Three of 25 patients randomized into Cohorts 1-3 discontinued due to restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 18 of the remaining 22 patients in the planned interim data readout completed at least 29 days of dosing and assessment and were evaluable for efficacy. The mean ± SD (n=18) baseline scores were 32.5±11.8 for EASI and 44% had severe Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scores. At Week 8, mean reductions in EASI from baseline were 50 percent, 74 percent and 76 percent for the 200mg (n=4), 400 mg (n=6) and 600 mg (n=3) ASLAN004 dose groups respectively, compared with 42 percent (n=5) for placebo. Mean reductions of peak pruritus from baseline to Week 8 were 34 percent, 48 percent and 39 percent for 200mg (n=4), 400mg (n=6) and 600mg (n=2) ASLAN004 dose groups respectively, compared with 16% for placebo (n=5). Other secondary endpoints were also improved for ASLAN004 compared with placebo (EASI-50, EASI- 75, results reported elsewhere). The proportion of patients with AEs and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were similar across ASLAN004 treatment and placebo arms. There were no TEAEs leading to discontinuation in the ASLAN004 treatment groups. Conclusion: ASLAN004 was well tolerated, with 400mg and 600mg showing promising eicacy in adults with moderate to severe AD.

SpatialViewer: A Remote Work Sharing Tool that Considers Intimacy Among Workers

Due to the influence of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), teleworking has been expanding rapidly. Although existing interactive remote working systems are convenient, they do not allow users to adjust their spatial distance to team members at will, and they ignore the discomfort caused by different levels of intimacy. To solve this issue, we propose a telework support system using spatial augmented reality technology. This system calibrates the space in which videos are projected with real space and adjusts the spatial distance between users by changing the position of projections. Users can switch the projection position of the video using hand-wave gestures. We also synchronize audio according to distance to further emphasize the sense of space within the remote interaction: the distance between projection position and user is inversely proportional to the audio volume. We conducted a telework experiment and a questionnaire survey to evaluate our system. The results show that the system enables users to adjust distance according to intimacy and thus improve the users’ comfort. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

MO33-7 Preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic and impact on medical oncology for breast cancer

Background: An emergency framework was set to confront the first wave COVID-19 pandemic at the medical oncology division for breast cancer at the Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, in March 2020. Medical therapy was classified into two phases in our guideline. In the initial phase, workload or patients' visit was to be reduced without impairing disease control and survival. In the successive phase under restriction of medical resources, only therapies with higher priority and alternate therapies were to be practiced. Whereas no significant effect on medical practice was observed during first wave pandemic, actual impact was evaluated in this study. Methods: Among patients in our division from April to May 2020, cases of treatment change, postponement of treatment introduction, treatment interruption, long-term prescription, telephone consultation, postponement of visit, reference to other hospital, and COVID-19 diagnosis were retrospectively searched from medical records. Results: There were estimated 984 patients, 389 perioperative and 595 metastatic, of whom 119(12%) were affected by COVID-19. The breakdown is 7 cases of treatment changes, 7 cases of postponements of introduction, 20 cases of interruptions, 12 cases of long-term prescriptions of oral chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, 36 cases of prescriptions by telephone consultation, 94 cases of postponements of visit, 3 cases of reference to other hospital, and 4 cases of fever for which COVID-19 infection could not be denied. Conclusion: 12% of patients in the division of medical oncology at the breast center changed their treatment or schedule of visit. Treatment change that could affect breast cancer survival were 2 cases of cancellation of adjuvant chemotherapy. The effect might have been minimized by formulation of a COVID-19 guideline prior to the pandemic.

A case of postpartum thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection

Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is characterized by mild thyrotoxicosis occurring within one year of parturition commonly followed by transient hypothyroidism. Having genetic background of autoimmune thyroid disorders is a risk factor for it because the immune reactivation during postpartum period is a trigger for PPT. Pandemic of COVID-19: caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is a global health problem, and occurrence of Graves? disease and Hashimoto?s thyroiditis after the viral infection have been reported but occurrence of PPT with COVID-19 has never been reported. A 29-year-old woman developed general fatigue four and a half months after parturition, and was diagnosed as having PPT: one month before, she had COVID-19. Hereafter, we define the date of delivery as Day 0 to make timeline clear. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by PCR on Day 103, its disappearance from the upper airway confirmed on Day 124, and the thyroiditis diagnosed on Day 136. She had been euthyroid on Day 0 and 95, but thyrotoxic on Day 136. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was normal in the presence of anti-Tg antibody, other thyroid-related autoantibodies were negative, and by ultrasonography, the thyroid gland was normal in size and no evidence of increased vascularity. Thyroid function returned to normal by Day 172 without any specific drug therapy. In conclusion, although a clear causal relationship could not be found, we documented the world?s first case of PPT developed following COVID-19. ABSTRACT Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is characterized by mild thyrotoxicosis occurring within one year of parturition commonly followed by transient hypothyroidism. Having genetic background of autoimmune thyroid disorders is a risk factor for it because the immune reactivation during postpartum period is a trigger for PPT. Pandemic of COVID-19: caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is a global health problem, and occurrence of Graves? disease and Hashimoto?s thyroiditis after the viral infection have been reported but occurrence of PPT with COVID-19 has never been reported. A 29-year-old woman developed general fatigue four and a half months after parturition, and was diagnosed as having PPT: one month before, she had COVID-19. Hereafter, we define the date of delivery as Day 0 to make timeline clear. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by PCR on Day 103, its disappearance from the upper airway confirmed on Day 124, and the thyroiditis diagnosed on Day 136. She had been euthyroid on Day 0 and 95, but thyrotoxic on Day 136. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was normal in the presence of anti-Tg antibody, other thyroid-related autoantibodies were negative, and by ultrasonography, the thyroid gland was normal in size and no evidence of increased vascularity. Thyroid function returned to normal by Day 172 without any specific drug therapy. In conclusion, although a clear causal relationship could not be found, we documented

A new telestroke network system in northern area of Okayama prefecture

Background: Telestroke network can provide rapid access to specialized treatment and improves on-site management of acute stroke patients through the “hub-and-spoke” model. In the northern part of Okayama Prefecture, there has been a regional gap of stroke care due to the shortage of stroke specialists and facilities. In addition, due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is required to reduce the unnecessary contact with stroke patients from other hospitals. Aim: We organized a novel cost-free telestroke network with an image and video sharing for neurological diseases in the northern part of Okayama Prefecture to improve the stroke management in the area. Method: We prepared the tablet device on which Skype® application was installed for each hospital and recruited the patients who visited or hospitalized in the spoke hospitals and were suspected to have some neurological diseases from April 2019 to May 2020. The patient's clinical data were recorded and analyzed. Results: During the study period, 5 patients were recruited including the cases with the initial diagnosis of stroke or brain tumor. Among them, 2 cases were transferred to the hub hospital, 2 cases were transferred to other hospitals, and 1 case was treated on site under specialist's advice. Conclusion: The new telestroke network system may be beneficial for acute stroke management and reducing the unnecessary patient's transfer in the rural area, especially under coexistence with COVID-19.

Alignment of the marshall grazing incidence X-ray spectrometer (MaGIXS) telescope mirror and spectrometer optics assemblies

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) is a NASA sounding rocket instrument designed and built to observe X-ray emissions from the Sun's atmosphere in the 6-24Å (0.5-2.0keV) range while achieving high spectral and spatial resolution along a 8-arcminute long slit. We describe the alignment process and discuss the results achieved for assembling the Telescope Mirror Assembly (TMA) and the Spectrometer Optics Assembly (SOA) prior to final integration into the MaGIXS instrument. The MaGIXS mirrors are full shell, electroformed nickel replicated on highly polished mandrels at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The TMA carries a single shell, Wolter Type-1 mirror pair (primary and secondary) formed on a common mandrel. The SOA includes a matched pair of identical parabolic mirrors and a planar varied-line spacing (VLS) diffraction grating. We performed the subassembly alignment and mounting at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) using metrology and precision positioning systems constructed around the Centroid Detector Assembly (CDA), originally built for the alignment of the Chandra mirror shells. The MaGIXS instrument launch has been postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2020 SPIE